How to Write an Abstract

                Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and emotion through the inscription or recording of signs and symbols. In most languages, writing is a complement to speech or spoken language. Writing is not a language but a form of technology that developed as tools developed with human society. Within a language system, writing relies on many of the same structures as speech, such as vocabulary, grammar, and semantics, with the added dependency of a system of signs or symbols.  This is an important skill should we know as a student because this is the most significant on the education way. On this review we are focused on the abstracts, this the is vital to write a complete but concise description of your work to entice potential readers into obtaining a copy of the full paper.

                On writing the abstract we need to focus on the rule as the rule is part or the step on the writing specific  abstract . In this review we will focus on five rule we need to create the easier, as the strategy, we need to use is :

                The first on writing the abstract we have need motivation Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn’t obviously “interesting” it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful.

                The second way is Problem statement What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases, it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually, this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.

                The third step we need is Approach How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure.

                The fourth is Results What’s the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percents faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vaguely, hand-waving results such as “very”, “small”, or “significant.” If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you don't have room for all the caveats.

                And about the last step we need Conclusions What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlike), be a significant “win”, be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalization, or specific to a particular case?

                Finally, not all of methods and techniques for language teaching is perfect for teaching –learning process. Cause all of that, there is advantages and disadvantages so there is no relevant technique can be used to achieve purpose study. Actually, a teacher has an important role which is mastering on technology. Because if the teacher can not use the technology such as notebook very well, it will make the class being monotonous. 

                References :

ü  Koopman , Philip (October  1997) Carnegie Mellon University . How to Write an Abstract

ü  Michaelson, Herbert, How to Write & Publish Engineering Papers and Reports, Oryx Press, 1990.Chapter 6 discusses abstracts.

ü  Cummins, Edward, The Art of Abstracting 2nd Edition, Info Resources Press, April 1996. This isan entire book about abstracting, written primarily for professional abstractors.